Which of the following is NOT a primary hazard associated with confined spaces?

In the context of confined space hazards, limited lighting is considered more of an environmental condition rather than a primary hazard. Primary hazards typically refer to immediate threats that can cause serious injury or death, such as oxygen deficiency, toxic atmospheres, and physical hazards like engulfment.

Oxygen deficiency can lead to unconsciousness or even death if the environment lacks sufficient breathable air. Toxic atmospheres can result from gases, vapors, or fumes that pose significant health risks. Physical hazards, including engulfment, can lead to situations where a worker is buried or submerged, presenting a direct and life-threatening danger.

While limited lighting can contribute to hazardous conditions by making it difficult to see and work safely, it is not classified alongside the immediate and life-threatening hazards listed above. Therefore, limited lighting is the condition that is not a primary hazard associated with confined spaces.